Monday, May 25, 2020
Case Study 7 - 1141 Words
Case Study 7.1 Patrick Anderson Grand Canyon University: ADM 624 July 24, 2013 1. Aravind is successful because each organizational component directly addresses the organizationââ¬â¢s mission. Discuss. Aravind is highly successful because each component adheres to core mission where spirituality and humanity supersedes capitalism and profits. Aravind Eye Care System founder, Dr. Gouindappa Venkataswamy, warmly known as Dr. V, decided that in the developing country of India the government alone could not encounter the health needs of the population of the country. In a country where 12 million individuals are blind, the vast majority suffered from cataractsâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The answer is a matrix of functions across product divisions. The entire Aravind Eye Care System encompasses five hospitals, a manufacturing center for ophthalmic products, an international research foundation and a resource and training center that is revolutionizing hundreds of eye care programs across the developing world (healthmarketinnovators.org). The matrix approach o nce implemented properly, this approach will produce constant time-to-market laterally with product excellence and the dismissal of product line redundancies within the organization at Aravind. Under these conditions, the patient is healthier assisted with a matrix approach. Therefore, leadership must elucidate positions, and responsibilities, established priorities, streamline processes, recompense collaboration and reject the silos as well as the command-and-controllers. 4. What are the advantages for a nonprofit to be self-sustaining? A nonprofit organization (NPO), can be self-sustaining by adhering to some very simple rules. A nonprofit is described as an organization that ââ¬Å"Operates for the common good and not for generating individual wealth: does not distribute its profits to individuals who control the organization such as its members, officers, directors, or trustees. While a non-profit organization can make a profit, the profit it earns must be used toward the core missions of the organization and not towards any personal benefitsâ⬠(Bennett, 2013). One of the enormous challenges that aShow MoreRelatedCis 417 Week 7 Case Study 3 Casey Anthony Trial655 Words à |à 3 PagesCIS 417 WEEK 7 CASE STUDY 3 CASEY ANTHONY TRIAL To purchase this visit here: http://www.activitymode.com/product/cis-417-week-7-case-study-3-casey-anthony-trial/ Contact us at: SUPPORT@ACTIVITYMODE.COM CIS 417 WEEK 7 CASE STUDY 3 ââ¬â CASEY ANTHONY TRIAL On July 5, 2011, Casey Anthony was found not guilty of first-degree murder in the 2008 death of her daughter, Caylee. Further research this incident using quality and reputable resources. Write a two to three (2-3) page paper in which you: Read More7 Eleven Case Study4490 Words à |à 18 PagesIntroduction Context 7-Eleven has been founded in the late 20s in Dallas Texas. After years of substantial growth, a Japanese company gained control in 1991. Over the years it has developed an extensive franchise network. This makes 7-Eleven the worldââ¬â¢s largest franchisor, currently operating over 50,000 outlets. (7-11 around the, 2013) There is an important difference between the strategies of 7-Eleven Japan and 7-Eleven USA. Due to the high-population density in Japan, 7-Eleven Japan makes useRead More7 Eleven Case Study13121 Words à |à 53 Pagesnow have over 10,000 stores in Japan. In restructuring our convenience store business, it has become necessary to implement consolidated management of both our domestic and international convenience store businesses, such as that of our US subsidiary, 7-Eleven, Inc. The franchise business model in itself serves to strengthen the internal control function and selfinnovation, and we at Seven-Eleven Japan intend to fulfill our corporate responsibilities and corporate social responsibilities, in particularRead More7-Eleven Case Study1070 Words à |à 5 PagesQ1. Evaluate 7-Elevens competitive advantage using the Michael Potters Five Forces model. 7-Eleven, the largest convenience retailer store in the world has been operating in more than 15 countries and well known as franchise business that operated by independent business operators running local neighborhood stores. Despite the intense competition in the market, 7-Eleven has struggled to maintain their leader position in the market. In order to sustain their competitiveRead More7- 11 Case Study1230 Words à |à 5 PagesSupply Chain Management Case Study 1 Seven-Eleven Japan Co. Background Seven-Eleven is a famous convenience store. And it is set up its first store in Tokyo in May 1974, it was found by Masatoshi Ito, the company was first listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange in October 1979 It had increased its share of the convenience shore market since it opened. It success is greatly contributed to its careful planning, and its information system as well as distribution system. Q1 A convenience store chainRead MoreMis 7-Eleven Case Study4663 Words à |à 19 PagesSystems BUA5MIS Case Study No. 1 - 7 - Eleven Kimberley McGinnes, Shaun Brooks, Rohan Malhotra Siddhartha Khoba 7 - Eleven Management Information Systems - 7 - Eleven Store Mini Case Overview of 7 - Eleven. 7 - Eleven commenced operation on 11th July 1927 in Dallas Texas and has gone on to be an industry leader for more than 40 years (http://www.rimag.com). Originally the stores operated from 7am to 11pm, a trading span that was unheard of at the time. However most 7 Ãâ" Eleven stores nowRead MoreWeek 7: Textbook Case Study1163 Words à |à 5 Pagesï » ¿12/11/2011 Week 7: Textbook Case Study Save Money. Live Better ââ¬â Walmart and Unions Interpret the Slogan Differently 1. I honestly feel that there is way more disadvantages than advantages with Wal-Mart working with a union. Union women and men are more likely than nonunion workers to have health and pension benefits, and to receive paid holidays and vacations, and life and disability insurance. In the Wal-Mart case, I find this hard to believe. I think that Wal-Mart, being the large companyRead More7-11 Case Study Essay1010 Words à |à 5 PagesAssignment #1 ââ¬â MBA Choices in Finance Assigned Class 2 ââ¬â Due 11:55pm on Sunday Week 4 75 Points ââ¬â two page paper David Jetter graduated from college six years ago with a finance undergraduate degree. Although he is satisfied with his current job, his goal is to become an investment banker. He feels that an MBA degree would allow him to achieve his goal. After examining schools, he has narrowed his choice to either Prentice University or Mount Alliance College. Although internships are Read MoreCase Study : 7 Days Inn Essay1540 Words à |à 7 Pages 7 Days Group Holdings Limited was founded in March 2005 by Nanyan Zheng, with the service concept of ââ¬Å"Sleeping Well Every Dayâ⬠. Providing comfortable rooms, convenient locations, safety and security, as well as great prices. The 7 Days Inn hotel chain created the ââ¬ËSeven Days Clubââ¬â¢, which has a membership of nearly 70 million and is China s largest economic hotel chain in the membership system. As the industry s technology leader, 7 Days Inn provides up to five kinds of convenient reservationRead MoreCase Study : 7 Sun Brewing1555 Words à |à 7 PagesCase #7 Sun Brewing 1. Looking at the joint venture agreement the first thing that is apparent is that the investors see their ownership of the company decreased from 49% to 32% which means less control of the company. On top of that, pre-venture Investorsââ¬â¢ opinion was more important due to their ownership stake, but now they are the third actors within SIL. Looking at exhibit 8, we see that the newly formed executive committee does not include the investors, therefore it seems clear that from an
Thursday, May 14, 2020
The Wall Street Bailout And Free Of Public Colleges And...
Bernie Sanders wanted to ââ¬Å"â⬠¦make tuition free at public colleges and universities throughout the countryâ⬠(Sanders), but in his thirty-second commercial he didnââ¬â¢t have the time to mention how he planned to have Wall Street banks pay for it. His idea to cover the costs of these changes to student tuition was to impose a minuscule tax on Wall Street speculator trades. Sanders declares, ââ¬Å"If the taxpayers of this country could bailout Wall Street in 2008, we can make public colleges and universities tuition free and debt free throughout the countryâ⬠(Sanders). Of course those two entities, the Wall Street bailout and free education are completely unrelated, but Bernie wants to bring them together. His reasoning is that the American public, who suffers from enormous education costs, was forced to pay, involuntarily via their tax money, to save the all-mighty banks from their corrupt dealings in 2008 with a publicly ill-supported bailout, now, he sugges ts, itââ¬â¢s time for the banks to return the favor, via small taxes on their trades, and help us citizens get educated to expand the countryââ¬â¢s economy. That seems like a sound and logical plan. In support of this idea, we find many major countries are already doing exactly as he proposed and succeeding quite well according to Senator Sanders who pronounces, ââ¬Å"â⬠¦some 40 countries throughout the world have imposed a similar tax including Britain, Germany, France, Switzerland, and Chinaâ⬠(Sanders). Even with this strong empirical evidenceShow MoreRelatedBook Review of Sandal1245 Words à |à 5 Pagesutility or by securing freedom of choice (Sandal 261). Justice and morality involve making judgments on a wide variety of issues, including inequality of wealth and incomes, discrimination against women and minorities, CEP pay, government bailouts of banks and public education. Politics should take moral and spiritual questions seriously and not only on issues l ike sexual orientation and abortion, but also broad economic and civil concerns (Sandal 262). Robert Kennedy and Martin Luther King addedRead MoreShould Student Loan Debt Be Forgiven?1344 Words à |à 6 Pagesï » ¿Student Loan Debt: Should We Forgive? EN1123 Most Americans would agree that higher education is important. Compared to years ago, when a high school education was acceptable in most jobs, a college degree is now required in the majority of positions. But what if you canââ¬â¢t afford to get a degree? What then? For many, student loans are the only way to finance oneââ¬â¢s education. Paying out of pocket simply isnââ¬â¢t a reality for most, so they rely on state and national government to provide them theRead MoreBernie Sanders, A Political And Economic Theory Of Social Organization1703 Words à |à 7 Pagesinsists on providing free medical care for all U.S. citizens, negotiate more efficient deals with drug companies, importing prescription drugs from Canadian pharmacies because their lower prices, and restoring discounts for low-income seniors. Along with outrageous prescription drug prices, we live in an insanely competitive global economy, where people cannot afford to purchase their necessary medicine or afford to get an education. For many American students today, college is a goal they wish toRead MoreWhich Interest Rate Will Win?3525 Words à |à 15 Pagessaid, Poverty shouldn t be a bar to education, and education must create an escape out of poverty (The Great Society Spee ch). You can t be free with debts, and no debts should make education strips the financial freedom of a person and lead him INTO poverty. Sadly, such is the reality that we, as students, are facing right now, with total college loan debts smashing over the twelve-digits tier and knockout the total credit card debt (Erin Dillion 1), currently gains the title of the secondRead MoreGm Bankruptcy11472 Words à |à 46 PagesCertified that this report is prepared based on the term paper project undertaken by me in GENERAL MOTORS BANRUPTCY under the able guidance of Dr.Richa Raghuvanshi in partial fulfillment of the requirement for award of degree of B.Com(H) from Amity University, Uttar Pradesh. Date-------------------- --------------- ----------------- ----------------- Siddharth Dixit Dr.Richa Raghuvanshi Prof. V. P. Sahi Lecturer (ABS) Director (ABS) Read MoreThe Aig Bailout22345 Words à |à 90 PagesThe AIG Bailout William K. Sjostrom, Jr.âËâ" Abstract On February 28, 2008, American International Group, Inc., the then largest insurance company in the United States, announced 2007 earnings of $6.20 billion or $2.39 per share. Its stock closed that day at $50.15 per share. Less than seven months later, however, AIG was on the verge of bankruptcy and had to be rescued by the United States government through an $85 billion loan. Government aid has since grown to $182.5 billion, and AIGââ¬â¢s stockRead MoreCOMM292 Case Studies23202 Words à |à 93 Pages1. University of British Columbia Principles of Organizational Behaviour Girish Ananthanarayana COMM 329 - Section 202 - Winter Term 2 2014-15 Principles of Organizational Behaviour Girish Ananthanarayana COMM 329 - Section 202 - Winter Term 2 2014-15 University of British Columbia Table of Contents Teamwork Turmoil............................................................................................................................5 Campbell and Bailyns Boston Office: Managing the ReorganizationRead MoreDisney: Losing Magic in the Middle Kingdom16116 Words à |à 65 Pagesimprovement was recorded. Factors such as the parkââ¬â¢s small size, inconvenient location, lack of unique features, insufficient appeal to adults and missing Chinese elements were cited as possible causes. The poor financial performance had attracted much public attention, since the government owned a 57% stake in the park. In 2008, the Walt Disney Company (ââ¬Å"Disneyâ⬠) was negotiating with the Hong Kong government for additional capital injection to build more attractions. However, it was imperative for the Read MoreWhy Do Audits Fail Evidence from Lincoln Savings and Loan13093 Words à |à 53 PagesAccounting Research Center, Booth School of Business, University of Chicago Why Do Audits Fail? Evidence from Lincoln Savings and Loan Author(s): Merle Erickson, Brian W. Mayhew, William L. Felix, Jr. Reviewed work(s): Source: Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 38, No. 1 (Spring, 2000), pp. 165-194 Published by: Blackwell Publishing on behalf of Accounting Research Center, Booth School of Business, University of Chicago Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2672927 . Accessed: 30/01/2012Read MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words à |à 702 PagesELEVENTH EDITION MARKETING MISTAKES AND SUCCESSES 30TH ANNIVERSARY Robert F. Hartley Cleveland State University JOHN WILEY SONS, INC. VICE PRESIDENT PUBLISHER EXECUTIVE EDITOR ASSISTANT EDITOR PRODUCTION MANAGER PRODUCTION ASSISTANT EXECUTIVE MARKETING MANAGER ASSISTANT MARKETING MANAGER MARKETING ASSISTANT DESIGN DIRECTOR SENIOR DESIGNER SENIOR MEDIA EDITOR George Hoffman Lise Johnson Carissa Doshi Dorothy Sinclair Matt Winslow Amy Scholz Carly DeCandia
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Business Environment Supply Chain Integration - 3067 Words
Student ID: 34068643 MSCI281 Introduction To survive and being success in modern business environment, focusing on supply chain management has become one of the popular ways to increase competitiveness among organizations. According to Lambert and Cooper (2000, as cited in Flynn, Huo and Zhao, 2008), organization has started to rethink the importance of cooperative, mutually, and beneficial supply chain partnerships due to the fierce competition among organization nowadays. In order to increase the efficiency and effectiveness, outsourcing has been commonly used among business, which means companies will allocate part of their production process to a third-party logistics and fourth party logistics (3PL4PL) rather than finishing theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Referring to Flynn, Huo and Zhao (2008) research, they suggested supply chain integration is the process of organizations strategically collaborates with their supply chain partners and managing inter and intra organization?s processes. In addition, Prabir K. Bagchi and others (2005), claimed that ?supply chain integration is the comprehensive collaboration among supply chain network members in strategic, tactical and operational decision-making?. (Prabir L. Bagchi et al.) By reviewing these definitions, supply chain integration can be known as the collaboration of the organization and their supply chain partners by using strategic, tactical and operational management. The main purpose of applying supply chain integration is to have an efficient and effective production process of products in different, aspects, such as cost, information, and decision-making (Bowersox et al., 1999; Frohlich and Westbrook, 2001; Naylor et al., 1999 as cited in Flynn, Huo and Zhao, 2008) and aim to improve service capabilities at lower supply chain cost. (Ragatz et al, 1997, as cited in Fylnn, Huo and Zhao, 2008) Based on their papers, it suggested that firms with highly supply chain integration can be more reactive to unstable demand by higher information visibi lity and knowledge between organisations. Also, it also pointed out that the net costs can also be reduced through interlocking the supply chain. GrahamShow MoreRelatedAn Effective Supply Chain Management1631 Words à |à 7 PagesIntroduction An effective supply chain management is critical to success in todayââ¬â¢s business environment where competition, risk and uncertainty are challenging. Ahenkora and Peasah (2011, p.278) state that ââ¬Ëthe need to deliver on clear strategic choices in todayââ¬â¢s hypercompetitive business and uncertain environment is greater than everââ¬â¢. Electrolux, one of the major players in the home appliances industry, has modified its strategy over the years, adapting its business to new business requirements andRead MoreA Theoretical Link Between Scm And Ssme1438 Words à |à 6 Pagescollaboration. No wonder companies that collaborate effectively across the supply chain have enjoyed dramatic reductions in inventories and costs, together with improvements in speed, service levels, and customer satisfaction (Luis B., Verda E. Daniel S., 2012). Collaboration is an important characteristics for people in the supply chain industry to create more shared values than those who donââ¬â¢t collaborate. In the supply chain, suppliers are able to provide sufficient raw materials, manufacturersRead MoreSuppliers And Supply Chain Management1580 Words à |à 7 Pages-2 ASSIGNMENT #1:Suppliers and Supply chain management Submitted by Vishnu Gandhamaneni Student Id: 30129773 LECTURER TUTOR: Mr. Gopi Krishna Akella ââ¬Æ' Table of content 1.Abstract 3 2.Introduction 3 3.Basic principles of SCM 4 4.Advantages of SCM 4 5.Problems on SCM 5 6.Solutions of SCM 5 7.Case study description 6 8.Conclusion 8 9.References 9ââ¬Æ' A Complete Study of Suppliers and Supply Chain Management in E-Commerce Vishnu GandhamaneniRead MoreSupply Chain Standards For Supply Chains1564 Words à |à 7 PagesSetting Supply Chain Standards to Improve Supply Chain Management In 2002 congress considered legislation authorizing $47 million to help develop supply chain integration standards. Since the introduction of the bill to integrate supply chains, The legislation, The Enterprise Integration Act of 2002, was enacted to authorize the National Institute of Standard and Technology to work with major manufacturing industries on an initiative of standards development and implementation for electronic enterpriseRead MoreProcess Flow Supply Chain Management1528 Words à |à 7 Pageshead: PROCESS FLOW: SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT PROCESS FLOW: SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT AND ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE (EDI) Clifford Butler Operation Management November 1, 2009 Table of Contents Abstractâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦3 Introductionâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦..4 The Internet-based supply chain system for mass customized marketsâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦..â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦..4 The role of electronic data interchange (EDI) and the Internet in supply chain integration..â⬠¦...5 Why do theRead MoreFord Motor Company1426 Words à |à 6 PagesFord Motor Company Supply Chain Strategy Background In 1913, Henry Ford revolutionized product manufacturing by introducing the first assembly line to the automotive industry. Ford s hallmark of achievement proved to be a key competence for the motor company as the low cost of the Model T attracted a broader, new range of prospective car-owners. However, after many decades of success, customers have become harder to find. Due to relatively new threats to the industry, increasing numbersRead MoreThe Current Scenario And Economy Of China1304 Words à |à 6 Pagesinventories keeping in the warehouses is very expensive, quality not in control and replacement parts, Somerset Furniture should review the current scenario and economy of China. Meaning, the issues relating not only their man-power but also their business and environment policies must be reviewed. If the company plans to manufacture their products in China, the company should consider the product life cycle. Basically, the launch phase will tend to see the new product, produced in the economy where the productRead MoreGiant832 Words à |à 4 Pagesproductions at the fewest possible prices. As its reputation growth, so they did business like hypermarket. Which acquired Giant in 1999, recognizationed that the Giant s key to success had been them can be ability to continuously offer value for business money products. It retained their core principle even as it began transformed Giant hypermarket into a national and international brand for hypermarket. 1.1 Operating Environment in Giant hypermarket Giant s comes from the pricing strategy - allRead MoreAir Force Supply Chain Management791 Words à |à 4 PagesAir Force Supply Chain Management Michelle Wilson University of Phoenix Operations Management MGT 554 GA04MBA09 John Salvagno Oct 09, 2005 Air Force Supply Chain Management Existing Supply Chain Supply chain management systems are designed to take care of the logistics end of the product distribution cycleÃâ"i.e., making sure that the order from the retailer for 500 gizmos arrives at the retailer in time for the weekend sale. Getting the information from the supply chain system backRead More Ford Motor Company Supply Chain Strategy Essay1397 Words à |à 6 PagesFord Motor Company Supply Chain Strategy Background In 1913, Henry Ford revolutionized product manufacturing by introducing the first assembly line to the automotive industry. Fordââ¬â¢s hallmark of achievement proved to be a key competence for the motor company as the low cost of the Model T attracted a broader, new range of prospective car-owners. However, after many decades of success, customers have become harder to find. Due to relatively new threats to the industry, increasing numbers of
Tuesday, May 5, 2020
Effects of Climate Change on Buried Structures Free-Samples
Question: Discuss about the Effects of Climate Change on Buried Structures. Answer: Introduction There are different types of buried structures including culverts, underground storage tanks, pipelines, tunnels, conduits and reservoirs, among others (Exponent, (n.d.)). These structures are made of different materials and they serve a wide range of purposes (Minnesota Department of Transportation, 2013). Most buried structures are designed to carry vertical loads. The structural soundness of these structures can be affected by several factors such as site conditions, soil characteristics, weather, and seismic effects, among others (Anderson, 2008). Climate change is a relatively new factor that is affecting buried structures. Climate change is a global problem and its effects and threats are being witnessed everywhere. The overall effects and threats of climate change include: higher temperatures, rising sea level, changing wildlife habitat and landscape, increased risk of floods, droughts and storms, precipitation patterns change, stronger and intense hurricanes, more heat waves, reduced snow cover, and ocean acidification, among others (NASA, 2017; The Nature Conservancy, 2017). In general, climate change is continuing to threaten present and future generations and is now affecting both aboveground and buried structures. Problem definition The effects of climate change cannot be overemphasized. Over the past few decades, climate change has significantly affected human life and has become a big threat to future generations. The climate change is not only affecting natural ecosystems but also manmade structures and built environment. By and large, many people have concentrated on investigating effects of climate change on aboveground structures. However, climate change has intensified significantly and is now causing immense effects on buried structures. As climate change intensifies, its effects on buried structures are also expected to augment. This is very perilous because the integrity of the buried structures may be compromised unknowingly resulting to unexpected failure of these structures. If this happens, it can lead to deaths, injuries, property damage and a lot of inconveniences to human life. Therefore it is important to understand the effects of buried structures so as to identify appropriate techniques of im proving the integrity of these structures throughout their service life. Goals and Objectives The objectives of this study are to: Establish how various factors of climate change affect buried structures Determine appropriate mechanisms that can be used to prevent buried structures from being significantly affected by climate change. The goal of this study is to have a better understanding of how climate change affects buried structures and put in place measures that will prevent or mitigate these effects. It is worth noting that climate change is a very big issue affecting all part of the world. As the world makes efforts to solve this problem, it is also important to consider how buried structures are affected by this particular problem and so as to developed suitable solutions. This will help in stopping preventable deaths, injuries and property damages, and also improve peoples quality of life. Literature Review Climate change has a huge impact on infrastructure, both underground and aboveground (GlobalChange.gov, 2014). One of the reasons why there has been less attention about the effects of climate change on buried structures is because these structures are not visible to everybody. For instance, people in urban areas use water daily but they do not think about how this water is supplied to them via underground pipes, which are buried structures. Paying little attention to effects of climate change on buried structures is very dangerous these structures can deteriorate over time and fail quicker than it was anticipated by authorities responsible for managing and maintaining them. Buried structures are made of different materials including concrete, metal, plastics, wood, and composites, among others. These materials are vulnerable to a variety of factors resulting from climate change such as extreme heat waves and temperature, ocean acidification, frequent floods and erosion, and stronger and more intense hurricanes, among others. When heat waves and temperatures are very high, this is also felt underground. It results to abnormal softening and expansion that causes cracks and weakening of buried structures. The highly acidic waters from oceans find their ways into underground water that come in contact with buried structures thus deteriorating their integrity and durability. Frequent floods can affect buried structures by causing landslides, creating weak points underground and washing these structures away (Didier, 2014). The floods can also wash away the top soil to cause erosion thus exposing buried structures to devastating environmental effects (U.S. En vironmental Protection Agency, 2016). Climate change can also affect water table, which has numerous negative effects on the stability of buried structures. Last but not least, stronger and more intense hurricanes can shake and vibrate buried structures, which weaken them and lead to structural failure. In general, climate change causes corrosion, cracking, chloride attacks, carbonation, vibration and overall deterioration of buried structures (Wang et al., 2010). Methodology This research will adopt mixed methods research design. The main reason for this is because it will require to collect both qualitative and quantitative data so as to have a better understanding of how climate change affects buried structures. The data will be collected through observations, case studies and longitudinal studies. The data collected will be analyzed using descriptive statistics, and qualitative quantitative techniques. Various signs and threats of climate change will be analyzed and their potential effects on buried structures established. Cases studies of failure of buried structures will also be investigated so as to identify any links with climate change effects. Also, durability of buried structures will be comprehensively investigated so as to establish if it is in any way affected by climate change. Results and General Discussions on Poential Solution In terms of safety of users of buried structures, the general public and the environment, there is great need for stakeholders involved in the design, construction, management and maintenance of buried structures to consider the effects of climate change on these structures. Climate change has direct or indirect effects on the structural integrity and/or soundness, safety and durability of buried structures. If not properly considered, buried structures may not be able to perform their functions as intended throughout their service life due to effects of climate change. Therefore it is important for relevant stakeholders to ensure that they consider the effects of climate change when planning, designing, constructing, operating/managing and maintaining buried structures. Conclusion The effects of climate change on aboveground and buried structures cannot be overlooked nor overemphasized. Climate change is become a global problem that is threating the lives of living things and the endurance of non-living things. Exploring the effects of climate change on buried structures is a very crucial study because these structures are very essential to human life and the environment as a whole. If the effects of climate change on buried structures are properly investigated and understood, it becomes easier for relevant stakeholders to put in place measures that will prevent these effects from compromising the quality, safety, integrity and durability of buried structures. Thus this study will play a key role in improving the structural soundness, integrity, safety, durability and capability of buried structures to perform intended functions during their entire service life irrespective of effects of climate change. As a result of this, the quality of human life will impro ve. References Anderson, D.G. (2008) Seismic Analysis and Design of Retaining Walls, Buried Structures, Slopes, and Embankments. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board. Didier, C. 92014) Impact of climate change on the stability of underground shallow cavities. The case of a tragedy in France in relation with the Seine flooding in 1910. ISRM International Symposium 2010 and 6. Asian Rock Mechanics Symposium Advances in Rock Engineering, October 2010, New Delhi, India. Exponent (n.d.) Buried Structures [Online]. Available: https://www.exponent.com/services/practices/engineering/civil-engineering/capabilities/geotechnical/buried-structures/?serviceId=d6b0f579-df4c-40d2-ae1f-72cfe16050d7loadAllByPageSize=trueknowledgePageSize=3knowledgePageNum=0newseventPageSize=3newseventPageNum=0showAllProfessionals=2 [Accessed April 22, 2017]. GlobalChange.gov (2014) Infrastructure [Online]. Available: https://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/infrastructure [Accessed April 22, 2017]. Minnesota Department of Transportation (2013) LRFD Bridge Design. Minnesota: Minnesota Department of Transportation. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) (2017) Evidence Climate change: how do we know? [Online]. Available: https://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/ [Accessed April 22, 2017] The Nature Conservancy (2017) Climate Change Threats and Solutions [Online]. Available: https://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/urgentissues/global-warming-climate-change/threats-solutions/ [Accessed April 22, 2017]. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2016) Climate Impacts on Transportation [Online]. Available: https://www.epa.gov/climate-impacts/climate-impacts-transportation [Accessed April 22, 2017]. Wang, X., Nguyen, M., Stewart, M.G., Syme, M. and Leitch, A. (2010) Analysis of Climate Change Impacts on the Deterioration of Concrete Infrastructure Part 1: Mechanisms, Practices, Modelling and Simulations A Review. Canberra: CSIRO
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